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IBRACON Structures and Materials Journal • 2012 • vol. 5 • nº 2
E. M. R. FAIRBAIRN
|
T. P. DE PAULA |
G. C. CORDEIRO
|
B. B. AMERICANO
|
R. D. TOLEDO FILHO
of national sugar cane production [4] and 16% of national cement
production [3], has the greatest potential for emissions reductions.
In this study were analyzed, for the base year of 2005, two hypo-
thetical scenarios of CDM project implementation in factories in the
state of São Paulo based on manufacture of cements with fraction
of 15% of SCBA. For both scenarios it was opted for the use of
a residual SCBA collected directly from a boiler and that did not
suffer any further treatment besides the grinding. It is clear that for
an industrial application the establishment of a protocol for ashes
obtaining will be required.
In order to simplify the analysis, the production of ash and cement
was concentrated in producer municipalities totaling 35 clusters of
ash production [18] and 4 cement manufacturing clusters. The pro-
duction of these clusters was obtained by the sum of the outputs
of the main sugar cane mills and cement factories situated within a
radius of 30 km from the base municipality, according to data pro-
vided by the National Union of Cement Industry and by the Union
of Bioenergy Producers. Then, the road distances of all 140 possi-
ble combinations between ash and cement producer clusters were
determined [19]. The map shown in Figure 3 illustrates the result of
this simplification and displays the main municipalities examined.
For the estimation of the ash transport emissions was assumed the
use of a diesel truck with load capacity characteristics and specific
fuel consumption similar to the best-selling vehicle in the region for
this type of transport, according to data from the Association of Mo-
tor Vehicles Manufacturers [20]. The loading capacity and specific
consumption, required for the emissions calculations, were deter-
mined from the vehicle’s manual published by the manufacturer.
In the determination of Baseline emissions of each scenario the
data used were obtained through average values for each factory
weighted by its total production in the year of 2005. The composi-
tion adopted for the cement of the Baseline was 80% of clinker,
15% of additives and 5.0% of gypsum [15].
For calculating Project emissions, in both scenarios, the methodol-
ogy requires that the quantities of additives used in the project are
equal to those of the Baseline, being allowed by the Brazilian stan-
dard, a fraction of up to 75% of additives [17]. To this end, it was
considered, in both scenarios, that half the production of cement
factories involved would be of a generic type A with 65% of clinker,
30% of gypsum and 5.0% of additives, and the other half would be
a generic cement type B, with 80% of clinker, 15% of SCBA and
5.0% of gypsum. The final composition of the production of both
cements for the project in each scenario will therefore be of 72.5%
of clinker, 15% additives, 7.5% of SCBA and 5.0% of gypsum.
In the calculation of the emission reductions certain emissions re-
lating to additives and to the gypsum, represented by
〖
BE
〗
ele_ADD_BC
Figure 3 – Cane producers (green) and cement producers (gray) municipalities in the state
of São Paulo and representation of the sugar cane bagasse ash transport for
hypothetical situations of CDM implementation. Scenario 1: red line; scenario 2: blue lines